BALOCHISTAN, Pakistan’s largest yet most underdeveloped province, has long been plagued by insurgency, socio-economic neglect and political alienation.
While the rest of the country pushes forward with development initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), Balochistan remains trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty, unrest and marginalization.
Just across the border, China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, once a restive and impoverished land riddled with ethnic tensions and religious extremism, tells a dramatically different story.
Over the past decade, Xinjiang has undergone a remarkable transformation—from a hotbed of separatism to a relatively peaceful and economically integrated region.
The Chinese model offers important lessons that Pakistan might consider in its efforts to bring long-term peace and development to Balochistan.
In 2013, Xinjiang and Balochistan shared several striking similarities.
Both regions were vast, resource-rich and home to ethnic minorities who felt excluded from the national mainstream.
Both suffered from high poverty rates, low human development indicators and an ever-present threat of insurgency.
Xinjiang, particularly in cities like Urumqi, presented a bleak picture at the time.
The roads were dotted with old vehicles, commerce was limited and poverty was visible in the daily lives of its people.
The famous Grand Bazaar was little more than a rustic remnant of its historical past and the overall economic activity was stagnant.
Simultaneously, the region was gripped by an upsurge in terrorist attacks and religious militancy, particularly among sections of the Uyghur community.
These acts of violence caused severe disruption, social tension and tragic loss of innocent lives.
Faced with mounting unrest, the Chinese government launched a comprehensive strategy to steer Xinjiang away from extremism and toward a path of stability and development.
This strategy went beyond military suppression.
It focused instead on what the state termed as a ‘discreet, permanent and human solution.
‘ Vocational training centres were established across the region, designed to house hundreds of thousands of young and middle-aged individuals.
These centres provided training in trades such as electronics, textiles, carpentry, IT, artificial intelligence and even cultural arts like music and dance.
The idea was to open minds, broaden worldviews and provide viable alternatives to extremism.
Between 2014 and 2019, more than 1.2 million individuals were enrolled in these training programs.
These efforts were accompanied by unprecedented state investment in infrastructure, including modern transportation, energy grids and urban development.
With their newly acquired skills, thousands of Xinjiang residents entered the workforce with confidence and competence, finding employment in industries that had never existed in the region before.
Families saw improvements in their standard of living, children were enrolled in better schools and traditional crafts were transformed into marketable products.
Once disillusioned and disenfranchised, many residents began to see their cultural identity as an asset rather than a barrier.
The impact of this strategy is visible in the economic figures.
In 2013, Xinjiang’s GDP was approximately USD 124 billion.
A decade later, it had grown to over USD 230 billion.
The poverty rate dropped from over 20 percent to below two percent in official estimates.
The literacy rate improved dramatically and economic activity flourished in diverse sectors such as tourism, mining, renewable energy and e-commerce.
During the same period, Balochistan’s economic trajectory has remained largely stagnant.
In 2013, the province’s GDP was around USD 9 billion, constituting just 3.7 percent of Pakistan’s total output.
By 2023, this figure had risen modestly to about USD 12 to 13 billion, still less than four percent of the national economy.
Poverty levels have remained high, with over 40 percent of the population living below the poverty line.
Unemployment among youth is estimated to be above 35 percent and the literacy rate continues to hover around 45 percent—the lowest in the country.
Despite being rich in natural resources—home to vast reserves of copper, gold, natural gas and valuable minerals—Balochistan has yet to reap the benefits of its wealth.
Major development projects such as Reko Diq, Saindak and the strategic Gwadar Port have failed to uplift the local population.
Locals remain largely uninvolved in planning and decision-making and many feel excluded from the profits of the resource economy that exists in their own backyard.
Instead of opportunity, what many Baloch citizens experience is deprivation, displacement and disenfranchisement.
Unlike China, which invested in large-scale vocational and educational facilities across Xinjiang, Pakistan’s strategy in Balochistan has leaned heavily on military operations.
The use of force, rather than empowerment, has dominated the response to insurgency.
This has often worsened the trust deficit between the state and the local population.
While security may be necessary to maintain law and order, it is not sufficient to win hearts and minds.
The Xinjiang model demonstrates the power of education, skill development and inclusive economic policy in countering extremism.
By transforming potential insurgents into productive citizens through education and opportunity, China was able to quell unrest without relying solely on repression.
Pakistan can adapt similar strategies to suit its own democratic and constitutional framework.
Establishing modern vocational training centres in Gwadar, Turbat, Quetta and other key cities could give Baloch youth the tools they need to participate in the economy and build better lives.
Providing access to quality healthcare, nutrition and education would help reduce the sense of abandonment that fuels separatist sentiment.
Moreover, the local population must be made stakeholders in development projects.
This means not just providing jobs but also giving Baloch leaders, entrepreneurs and professionals a meaningful role in shaping and managing these initiatives.
The narrative around Balochistan must also shift—from one of insurgency to one of opportunity, dignity and inclusion.
Media, literature and film can be powerful tools in reshaping perceptions and fostering a sense of shared destiny.
The people of Balochistan are proud, resilient and intelligent.
Their cultural heritage, values and traditions are assets to the Pakistani federation, not liabilities.
But no community can thrive in the absence of opportunity.
Extremism finds fertile ground where hope has dried up.
Development, when done with vision and empathy, can be the most effective form of counter-insurgency.
The Xinjiang experience, for all its complexities, presents a roadmap where economic integration, skills training and inclusive governance replaced despair with dignity.
Pakistan now stands at a crossroads.
It can continue to rely on force alone—or it can choose a smarter, more sustainable path that uplifts its people and unites its provinces in the true spirit of federalism.
The time to choose is now.
